Atherosclerosis Causes, Symptoms, Treatment in India

What is Atherosclerosis?

Your arteries are the carriers of blood from your heart to all the parts of your body. Generally, these arteries are flexible and elastic. But in atherosclerosis, your arteries become thick and stiff. Atherosclerosis refers to the building up of fats, cholesterol, etc. inside your arteries, forming plaques. These plaques could restrict the flow of blood by narrowing your arteries. Sometimes, the plaques could also rupture and burst, forming a blood clot. Even though it is a cardiac problem, an artery in any part of your body could be affected by atherosclerosis. This condition is both treatable and preventable.

Depending on which artery is blocked, there could be various complications arising from atherosclerosis -

Coronary artery disease – When the plaques build up in the arteries near the heart, it leads to coronary artery disease. This may lead to chest pain and heart attack.

Carotid artery disease – When the plaques are closer to your brain, it is called carotid artery disease. This may lead to a stroke.

Peripheral artery disease – When the plaques are developed in the arteries of hands and legs, the condition is referred to as peripheral artery disease. This disease could lead to insensitivity to heat and cold and in extreme cases, gangrene.

Aneurysms – An aneurysm is a bulge in the walls of the artery and can happen anywhere in the body.

Chronic kidney disease – If the plaques grow in the arteries that are near the kidney, they decrease the quantity of oxygenated blood that reaches the kidneys. Over a period of time, this could lead to complications in your excretory system.

Symptoms

Because atherosclerosis develops gradually, symptoms do not get displayed until the situation gets worsened and complicated. It might result in an inadequate supply of blood to organs and tissues. Symptoms also depend on:

The location of the affected artery.
Heart pressure in the chest and chest pain
Brain –numbness and weakness in arms and legs, slurred speech, drooping facial muscles, and temporary loss of vision in one eye
Arms and legs – Leg pain during physical activities
Kidneys – High blood pressure or kidney failure

Causes

Atherosclerosis is thought to begin with a small damage or injury caused to the thin inner layer of an artery called endothelium. The causes could be:

High amount of triglycerides
High cholesterol
Consumption of tobacco
High blood pressure
Obesity or diabetes
Arthritis, lupus, infections and other inflammatory diseases

Risks

Atherosclerosis happens due to several risk factors like ageing, lack of physical activities, obesity, diabetes, consumption of unhealthy food, high blood pressure and cholesterol, family history of heart disease, etc.

Prevention

Lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and excessive consumption of alcohol and maintaining a healthy weight by regular exercising and healthy dietary food are to be incorporated to prevent atherosclerosis.

How is it diagnosed?

At Medanta, your doctor may use one or more of these tools to diagnose atherosclerosis –
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Physical examination

When a doctor listens to your pulses, he might observe a very weak or absent pulse or decreased blood pressure below the affected area and whooshing sounds in the affected arteries.
Blood tests

This is used to check for cholesterol and sugar levels.
Doppler ultrasound

This special device is used to measure blood pressure in various parts of your body.
Ankle-brachial index

Using this method, doctors can compare the blood pressure in your ankle with the blood pressure in your arms.
Electrocardiogram

With electrical impulses being recorded from your heart, this method is used to check the functionality of your heart.
Stress test

In a stress test, you are made to walk on a treadmill or cycle, to collect data about the working of your heart during a physical activity.
Angiogram

In this method, a liquid dye injected into your arteries enables visibility of blocked areas in your heart.
CT-Scan and MRI

These are other imaging tests to study the arteries and blockages.

How is it treated?

Mild cases of atherosclerosis can be treated with regular exercises and using changes in lifestyle with the consultation of an expert from Medanta.

Antiplatelet medication
Tablets like aspirin may be prescribed to avoid clotting of blood in the blocked areas
Cholesterol medication
By decreasing the cholesterol levels in your blood, you can stop the building up of plaques in your arteries.
Beta-blocker medication
These are used to lower blood pressure and relieve symptoms of chest pain
ACE Inhibitors
Using angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, blood pressure is reduced, along with the risk of recurrent heart attacks
Angioplasty
Using a deflated balloon attached to a slender catheter, the narrowed blockages are shattered in this method. This happens when the balloon is inflated.
Endarterectomy
Surgical removal of plaques.
Bypass surgery
Creating a bypass route for the flow of blood, by avoiding the usage of the narrowed artery
Fibrinolytic therapy
Drugs that dissolve clots are administered

When do I contact the doctor?

You have to contact your doctor immediately if you have symptoms of atherosclerosis, like chest pain, sudden weakness in arms and legs, temporary loss of vision in an eye, etc.

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