Sleep apnoea - Symptoms, Causes, Risk and Treatment Options

Recognizing the symptoms of sleep apnoea is crucial for early detection and treatment. Some common symptoms include: 

• Loud snoring
• Episodes of breathing cessation during sleep
• Sudden awakening from sleep accompanied by a choking or gasping sensation
• Excessive daytime sleepiness
• Morning headaches
• Libido 
• Irritability and tiredness 
• Cognitive impairment, such as memory loss, trouble concentrating, and a range of other brain-related ailments

It is important to note that not all individuals with sleep apnoea experience the same manifestations, and it can vary from individual to individual.

Several factors can contribute to the development of sleep apnoea, such as: 

• Obesity: It is one of the primary causes of sleep apnoea. Extra weight can lead to the accumulation of fatty tissue around the neck and throat, which can obstruct the airway during sleep. 
• Family history of sleep apnoea
• Smoking
• Alcohol and sedative use
• Nasal congestion use
• Certain medical conditions, such as antihypertensives, anti-diabetics, and opioid pain medications
• History of heart diseases, such as atrial fibrillation or congestive heart failure

Sleep apnoea can considerably affect your overall health and well-being. If left untreated, it can develop a variety of complications, including high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and depression. It can also increase the risk of accidents, as excessive daytime sleepiness can impair your ability to concentrate and react quickly. Therefore, you must seek medical advice if you suspect of having sleep apnoea.

While there is no guaranteed way to prevent sleep apnoea, specific lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk, including: 

• Managing a healthy weight through regular exercise and a balanced diet can decrease the likelihood of developing sleep apnoea. 
• Avoiding smoking and limiting intake of alcohol can also play a role in prevention. 
• Practicing good sleep habits, such as following a regular sleep timetable and creating a comfortable sleep ambiance, can promote restful sleep and minimize the risk of sleep apnoea.

A variety of treatment options are available for sleep apnoea, but choosing the most appropriate treatment modality depends on the seriousness of the condition and the specific needs of the individual. You must consult your doctor to determine which treatment modality is best for you. 

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP):

CPAP is a highly effective treatment modality for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). In this treatment, you have to wear a mask over your nose or mouth during sleep, which provides a continuous flow of air pressure to keep the airway open. It helps prevent pauses in breathing and reduces snoring. CPAP machines come in various models and sizes to accommodate different preferences and needs.

Oral appliances:

Oral appliances are custom-made devices worn during sleep to help keep the airway open. These appliances work by repositioning the jaw or tongue to prevent the airway from collapsing. Doctors recommend these devices for mild to moderate cases of sleep apnoea or for individuals who cannot tolerate CPAP therapy. It is essential to consult with a dentist or sleep specialist to ensure the proper fit and effectiveness of the oral appliance.

Surgical intervention:

In some apnoea cases, doctors may recommend surgery to address the structural abnormalities that contribute to the condition. Surgical modalities include removing excess tissue from the throat, correcting nasal abnormalities, or repositioning the jaw. However, surgery is typically considered a last resort when other treatment modalities have been unsuccessful or unsuitable. 

Nerve stimulation: 

Stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve can stimulate it, pushing your tongue slightly forward when you breathe while you're sleeping. That keeps your tongue from relaxing and pressing backward on your windpipe while you sleep, preventing OSA development. Similarly, stimulation of the phrenic nerve can prevent central sleep apnoea development.

Lifestyle changes:

In addition to the above treatment modalities, lifestyle changes can help manage sleep apnoea. These include managing a healthy weight, avoiding alcohol and illicit drugs, sleeping on your side, and practicing good sleep habits. These lifestyle modifications can complement other treatment options and improve overall sleep quality.

Can sleep apnoea be mistaken for narcolepsy or vice versa?

While both sleep apnoea and narcolepsy are sleep disorders, they are distinct conditions with different symptoms and causes. Sleep apnoea is recognized by sudden stoppage in breathing while sleeping, loud snoring, and excessive daytime sleepiness. On the other hand, narcolepsy is a neurological disorder that causes excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden bouts of sleep, and muscle weakness triggered by strong emotions. It is vital to consult with a doctor for an accurate diagnosis.

Is there any difference between sleep apnoea and snoring?

Snoring is a common manifestation of sleep apnoea, but not all individuals who snore have sleep apnoea. Snoring develops when the flow of air through the mouth and nose is partially obstructed during sleep, causing the vibration of the tissues in the throat. Sleep apnoea, on the other hand, involves complete or partial airway blockage, leading to breathing pauses and interrupted sleep.

Can sleep apnoea resolve on its own?

Sleep apnoea is a chronic condition that typically does not resolve on its own. Without treatment, the symptoms and health risks associated with sleep apnoea can worsen over time. However, the symptoms can be effectively managed with appropriate treatment and lifestyle modifications, allowing for a restful night's sleep and improved overall health.